Friday,
January 11, 2019. Day 5.
Math: page 220, #1-11,15,17,23 & 24;
work on knowledge hook
History: test on the War of 1812 on
Thursday, January the 17th
Book
Presentation: Monday,
January the 28th, is the due date.
French: there is a presentation on Monday,
January the 14th
Science: there is a project due on January,
the 23rd.
Field
Trip: the grade
sevens are going to Fort York on Wednesday, January the 23rd.
There is a boys
basketball practice on Monday, January the 14th.
Girls have
volleyball practice on Mondays and Wednesdays at 11:45 am.
The swim
team has practice at 7:30 am on Wednesdays and Fridays.
WAR OF 1812
Overview
Key Terms
1. the French Revolution of 1789-
France declared bankruptcy; the king
was deposed; the people attempted to introduce liberty, fraternity, equality, and democracy
2. Napoleon Bonaparte-a military general who rose to power
during the French Revolution and invaded other European countries
3. Louisiana- a territory from France
that was sold to the United States
4. impressments- forcing sailors to
serve for another navy
5. American expansion into the Ohio Valley-
settlers began expanding west of the Appalachian territories into Native territories
6. the Canadian militia-volunteer Canadians who served under
British forces
7. national identity- the belief that
you and other people in your country share the same history, set of beliefs,
and other characteristics used to define your nation
8. propaganda- lies told by the
government
9. jingoism- a fervent belief that
your nation is superior to other nations
10. romanticism- the idealized belief of
your nation and the belief that one can only excel in your homeland or its
culture
11. Tecumseh- a highly respected and key
Native leader who was allied with Britain, essential in the Battle of Detroit,
and uniting Native forces against the Americans; he died at the Battle of the
Thames
12. Sir Isaac Brock- an experienced
officer who had a good rapport with Tecumseh and who also died in the Battle of
Queenston Heights
13. Laura Secord- a woman who took a 23
km journey to warn General Fitzgibbon of an impending American attack
14. Charles de Sala berry- a French Canadian officer who led
the Volitgeurs who defended French Canada from American invasions
15. the Battle of Detroit-the first
battle that was largely won using psychological tactics since the fort was
taken by a small group of Canadian militia, Native forces, and British troops
16. the Battle of Queenston Heights- just
south of Newark (modern-day Niagara-on-the-Lake) a battle took place between
American and British forces along the west side of the Niagara River
17. the Battle of York- America forces
crossed Lake Ontario and burned down Fort York and neighbouring buildings; York
is now known as Toronto
18. the Battle of Beaver Dam- British forces, thanks to Laura Secord, defeated
American forces around present-day St. Catharines
19. the Battle of Crysler’s Farm- British
and French Canadian forces stopped a sizeable invasion of American forces from
invading Montreal
20. the Battle of Lundy’s Lane- British
forces suffered casualties and American forces retreated around present day
Niagara Falls
21. the Battle of Washington- in
retaliation to the burning of York, British forces burned down the White House
and attempted to take Baltimore; the
original White House was unpainted because of the cost of paint; it was later
restored and painted white
22. the Battle of Baltimore- British
forces attempted to take Baltimore and Fort McHenry; the Americans sank their
ships at the mouth of the harbour to create a man-made blockade; the British
failed to take the fort and the hail of cannon fire inspired a poet to write
the lyrics that would later become the national anthem for the American people
23. the Battle of New Orleans- although
the War of 1812 had ended, news had not spread to the United States; the
Americans, nevertheless, defeated the British at this battle
24. the Treaty of Ghent- Americans and
British representatives signed a treaty in Belgium because the war had reached
a stalemate
25. stalemate- neither side is able to
win enough battles, border raids that
are able to gain territory or end a war
26. the War Hawks- a term used by
historians to label a group of powerfully influential American politicians who
strongly advocated a war against the British since Canada , Britain’s colony,
was vulnerable while the Britain fought France in Europe
27. the Rideau Canal- a strategic canal
built after the War of 1812 in Bytown (Ottawa) was intended to carry supplies
in the event of a future war
28. the Lachine Canal- a canal built to
bypass the rapids around Montreal, so ships could easily sail up the St.
Lawrence to Lake Ontario or Upper Canada; without canals, things were unloaded
from ships and transported overland to other ships; this was time consuming and
costly
29. Mr. Merrit’s Ditch (the early stages
of the Welland Canal System)- the Niagara Region had a series of canals built
transport goods and people from Lake Ontario to the Chippawa River and
eventually the entrance of the Niagara River, because the falls prevented ships sailing up the
river to Lake Erie
30. the Battle of Stoney Creek- British
forces defeated the American troops where the defeated from the American forces
who later retreated at the 40 mile creek (present-day Grimsby)
The
Causes:
1) Britain
had gone to war with the Americans in 1776 and 30 years later it happened
again. The Canadians or Upper and Lower
Canada were drawn into the war a second time.
2) After the
French Revolution in 1789, England went to war with France led by Napoleon
Bonaparte. The Napoleonic Wars lasted
until 1815.
3) By helping the Americans in their War of
Independence back in 1783, the French were getting back at the British for
losing New France.
4) France and Britain disrupted each other’s
trade and fought in Europe. These
disruptions bothered American investors, citizens, and politicians.
5) British
Interference with American Merchant Ships: British sailors boarded American
ships carrying supplies to the Napoleonic Wars.
If British sailors were on American ships, many were captured and forced
to serve again on British fleets
6) American
Expansion into the Northwest: American settlers expanded into the Ohio Valley
and ignored native treaties. The British
feared that Americans would settle further into Canada.
7) Fur Trade
Officials in the First Nations Territories: The British supplied arms to the
natives through the fur trade which natives used against American settlers for
invading their lands.
8) American
and British jingoism was much to blame for the War of 1812.
Battles
of the War of 1812
9) The
British had a larger navy, but Canada was too large to defend. They relied on two main characters Sir Isaac
Brock, a general and Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief to win their major battles.
10) In the
Battle of Detroit, Brock and Tecumseh used scare tactics to force General Hull
to surrender Fort Detroit.
11) In the
Battle of Queenston Heights, the Americans crossed the Niagara River at
Lewiston and captured Queenston Heights just south of Newark and Fort George (Niagara-on-the
Lake).
12) Brock
was killed during an advance, but his troops and the members of the Six Nations
defeated and captured American soldiers.
13) American ships crossed Lake Ontario and
burned down Fort York.
14) Despite
losses on both sides, American forces retreated to the 40 Mile Creek at present
day Grimsby.
15) Mohawks
and British soldiers, under a tip told by Laura Secord, met an American force
at Beaver Dam. Americans surrendered.
16) British
forces stop a sizeable American force from invading Montreal.
17) In the
Battle of Lundy’s Lane, British suffered casualties but American forces
retreated.
18) British
troops burned the White House. (The
White House is painted white to cover the burn marks and parts of the
presidential balcony were left untouched to serve as a reminder to future
presidents of the threat of foreign invasion.)
The
Reality of War for Soldiers
19) Military
life was dangerous, unglamorous, unsanitary, and badly paid.
20) It was difficult to recruit men because of
the conditions, so militia or volunteer regiments were formed.
21) Roads, food, and tents were limited. Soldiers
were often sick. Many deserted. If caught, they were executed by hanging.
The Effects
of the War of 1812
22) Thomas
Jefferson felt that taking over Canada was for American troops just “a mere
matter of marching.” In reality, neither
side could claim a victory.
23) The Treaty of Ghent was signed by
Americans and British representatives in Belgium because the war was a
stalemate. The borders hence remained
the same.
24) The War
of 1812 did have three positive outcomes:
1) Canadian militias were formed. 2) Canadian identity was
fostered. 3) Americans were seen as a
possible threat, so roads and canals were improved for military and commercial
purposes.
25) The
negative effects of the War of 1812 include the following: 1) there was a
disruption in farming and food. 2) Lives were lost. 3) A very small group of people –as always-
financially profited from the war.
Causes
and Effects of the War of 1812
1) The politically powerful American group
known as the ‘War Hawks” advocated the American congress for war against
Britain.
2) In order to regain sailors, British ships
boarded and ‘impressed’ or captured sailors from American ships to serve on
British ships.
3) The British were busy fighting a war with
Napoleon in France, so Canada was vulnerable.
4) America allied with France.
5) Americans expanded into the Ohio Valley
and disrupted native villages. The
Natives allied with the British in many cases.
6) The British sold or traded weapons with
the Natives.
7) England looked down at America. Although it had declared independence in
1776, England did not respect its sovereignty or independence.
8) Some thought that a war with Canada would
be a ‘mere matter of marching’ and Canada would easily fall.
9) The British formed a naval blockade, so
American ships could not trade with France. This hurt businesses and trade.
10) Southern planters could not sell cotton or
tobacco to Britain because there was an embargo or ban placed on American
products.
The
Effects of the War of 1812
1) The capital of Upper Canada was eventually
moved from York (Toronto) to Bytown (Ottawa), so the capital would be further
from future American attack.
2) The Rideau Canal was built in case an
American attack would cut off the St. Lawrence and cripple supplies from Lower
Canada to Upper Canada.
3) More roads were built to better move
troops, supplies, settlers, and goods across the land.
4) The Maritimes prospered economically since
Halifax became a major center of operations.
5) English and French colonists were united
under a common enemy- America.
6) American settlers were discouraged from
settling in Canada. British immigration
was promoted.
7) The border known as the 49 degree parallel
was established.
8) The Great Lakes were demilitarized, but
Lake Ontario and Lake Champlain were allowed to keep forces to prevent
smuggling.
9) Britain recognized America as independent.
10) America focused on expanding westward.
11) There was greater nationalistic pride and
participation in military campaigns.
12) Despite great Native contributions, Native
groups were assimilated into the military and the dream of a Native confederacy
was overturned.
13) The Lachine and Welland Canals were built in
order to increase supplies and trade.
14) A great deal of myth making occurred since educators
and historians saw the war as an opportunity to promote nationalism and to
create heroes.
15) The memory of an American invasion lingered
well up until the 1860’s and arguably motivated Canadians to become a nation in
1867.
Camp Life at
Point Henry, Kingston, May 1813
This account was originally translated from
French and published in 1895 by Hubert Neilson under the title Reminiscences of
the War of 1812-14: Being Portions of the Diary of a Captain of the
"Voltigeurs Canadiens" While in Garrison at Kingston, Etc. The captain in question was Jacques Viger,
who went on to become Montreal's first mayor in 1833.
We were
ordered by General Prevost on the 17th of May to cross over to Point Henry,
where we now occupy tents which we again once more put up in a wilderness of
stumps, fallen trees, boulders, and rocks of all sizes and shapes; sharing our
blanket with reptiles of varied species; carrying out the precepts of the most
self-sacrificing charity towards ten million insects and crawling abominations,
the ones more voracious and disgusting than the others. Phlebotomized by the mosquitoes, cut and
dissected by gnats, blistered by the sand flies, on the point of being eaten
alive by the hungry wood rats as soon as they shall have disposed of our provisions. Pray for us! Pray for us! Ye pious souls….
Broken down
with fatigue, drenched with rain, I enter my tent to find that the birds of the
air have besmirched me with lime; I have no sooner sat on my only camp stool
when a horrid toad springs on to my lap in a most familiar way; I cast my
wearied limbs on to my couch, a slimy snake insists on sharing with me the
folds of my blanket, I hastily retire and leave him in possession.
Copyright
the Discriminating General 1999
